小分子型有机太阳能电池

范斌，倪斌，田清勇

厦门惟华光能有限公司

有机太阳能电池，因其原料来源丰富，生产工艺简单，生产过程无污染而受到越来越多的重视。近年来，有机太阳能电池的光电转化效率迅速提高，已经达到了8%以上，用作便携式移动电源的有机光伏产品亦已于2010年进入市场。有机太阳能电池的主要有高分子型和小分子型两种技术路线。相对于高分子材料，小分子材料具有易于提纯、稳定性较好、激子扩散距离较远、消光系数较高等优点。厦门惟华光能有限公司以瑞士联邦材料研究所（EMPA）及瑞士洛桑高等理工大学（EPFL）的先进有机太阳能电池技术为基础，于2010年10月开始，在厦门火炬高新区从事可溶性小分子型有机太阳能电池的产业化开发，目前正处于一期中试阶段。采用我们自主开发的有机半导体材料，可望将有机太阳能电池的光电转化效率提高到10%以上，同时将其寿命提高到10年以上。

关键词：有机太阳能电池；小分子有机半导体材料。

致谢：厦门火炬高新区管委会

参考文献：

[1] Fan B, R. Hany, F. N uesch, et al. Organic Electronics, 2010, 583-588

Small molecular organic solar cells

Bin Fan, Bin Ni, Qing-Yong Tian

Weihua Solar Co. Ltd

Benefiting from the abundant raw material, facile and environment-friendly production processes, organic solar cells (OSCs) have attracted more attention. In recent years, the power conversion efficiency of OSCs are increasing rapidly, exceeding 8%. Early-stage products as mobile electric sources have entered the market in 2010. There're two major types of OSCs, which are polymeric and small-molecular. Comparing with polymers, the small-molecular organic semiconductors are easier to purify, more stable, with longer exciton diffusion length and higher extinction coefficient. Based on the advanced organic photovoltaic technologies from Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Research (EMPA) and Swiss Federal University for Science and Technology (EPFL), Weihua Solar Co. Ltd started the research and development of commercial organic solar cells in the city of Xiamen. With our unique technologies, we aim to achieve 10% power conversion efficiency together with a device lifetime of over 10 years.

多晶硅生产工艺中的能耗和污染

汪光裕

上海市光电子行业协会

作为能源和信息产业的基础材料多晶硅，长期以来由美德日等发达国家实行产业垄断，然而当前国内一些部门主张将多晶硅列入“高能耗”和“高污染”项目，并提出抑制多晶硅产能过剩和重复建设的一些措施，但在行业内出现了一些不同的意见。

我们认为，从能源和信息产业发展的战略角度我国必须快速发展多晶硅；然后通过几种多晶硅生产工艺的分析从技术层面来分析其能耗和污染问题；最后对目前国内多晶硅产业发展中的几个问题进行探讨。

关键词：多晶硅；生产工艺；能耗；环境污染。

参考文献：

[1] 汪光裕，《关于当前多晶硅产业发展的三点建议》，2009多晶硅产业政策与市场高峰论坛论文集，P.132-138

Polysilicon, as one of the most important fundamental materials in energy source and IT industry, have been monopolized by some advanced countries, such as USA, Germany and Japan. Howervr, some Chinese government divisions prejudice that the polysilicon is a product with high energy consumption and serious contamination, they insist to adopt some suppress measures.

We think that china should develop polysilicon industry with a rapid speed from the view of state strategy, at the same time we must make our best endeavor to reduce energy consumption and eliminate circumstances pollution, which are analyzed in this paper for a few production processes of polysilicon.

太阳能光伏发电中几个关键技术

杨富文

华东理工大学信息科学与工程学院

太阳能作为分布广泛储量巨大的新兴绿色能源，近年来得到了广泛的重视。太阳能光伏发电是最科学最合理利用太阳能的方法之一。本文概述了国内外光伏发电发展现状，研究动态和应用前景，简要介绍了光伏发电系统的分类和组成部分。在此基础上着重讨论了光伏发电中的几个关键技术，包括MPPT（最大功率点跟踪）技术、并网技术、逆变技术和反孤岛技术。对上述关键技术目前常用的各种实现方法进行了详细的分析和比较，讨论其各自的优缺点和应用范围。此外，我们提出自己的方法和思路来解决这四个关键技术，进一步完善和提高太阳能光伏发电系统的控制质量。

关键词：光伏发电；最大功率点跟踪；并网技术；逆变技术；反孤岛。

Several Key Technologies in Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation

Fu-Wen Yang

 School of Information Science & Engineering, East China University of Science& Technology

Solar as widely distributed huge reserves of emerging green energy, has gained widespread attention in recent years. Solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation is one of most scientific and sensible ways to utilize solar energy. This paper summarizes the development status of PV power generation, research activities and the prospects of its application, and briefly introduces the classification and structures of PV generation systems. On this basis, several key technologies are reviewed in this paper which have been applied in solar photovoltaic power generation, for example, MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) technology, Grid-connection technology, Inverter technology and anti-islanding technology. Detail analysis and comparison are discussed for various implementation methods of the above key techniques. Their respective strength, weakness and scope of application are provided. In addition, several novel approaches are proposed to solve the key techniques which will further improve and enhance the control quality of solar PV power generation systems.

全光谱极低反射率自清洁的黑硅太阳能电池材料的研究

张晓升, 邸千力，朱福运，张海霞*

北京大学微电子学研究院

采用MEMS加工技术中常用的深刻蚀技术，利用其黑硅效应，通过调整深刻蚀工艺的刻蚀、钝化时间的比例、通过控制DRIE工艺参数如平板功率、刻蚀钝化比、气体流量、循环周期等，加强钝化过程，使得钝化聚合物薄膜无法彻底刻蚀，而残余聚合物颗粒形成“自掩膜”，利用自掩膜效应，可在不破坏原有微米尺度结构的基础上，制备大面积高密度高深宽比的微纳复合结构。此结构既利用了纳米尺度黑硅材料的超宽带特性又结合了微米尺度吸光层结构的转化效率高等优点，可以在200nm-2500nm波长的光谱范围内实现<0.5% 的极低反射率，此外还表面具有超疏水特性，可以实现自清洁，可用于实现高效率的太阳能电池。

关键词：微纳复合结构；黑硅；深刻蚀；太阳能电池；MEMS

致谢：国家自然科学基金项目 (91023045)

参考文献：

[1] Wei Wang, Shaomin Wu, Kitt Reinhardt, Yalin Lu, Shaochen Chen, Broadband Light Absorption enhancement in Thin-film Silicon Solar Cells, Nano Letter 2010, 10, 2012-2018

[2] Hao-Chih Yuan, Vernon E. Yost, Mattew R. Page, et al, Efficent Black Silicon Solar Cells with Nanoporous anti-reflection made in a single-step liquid etch, IEEE 2009

[3] Jinsu Yoo, Gwonjong Yu, Junsin Yi, Large-area multicrystalline silicon solar cell fabrication using reactive ion etching(RIE), Solar energy materials & Solar Cells, 95(2011)2-6

[4] G. Sun, T. Gao, X. Zhao, and H. Zhang, Fabrication of Micro/Nano Dual-Scale Structures by Improved Deep Reactive Ion Etching, J. Micromech. Microeng., 2010, DOI: 10.1088/0960-1317/20/7/075028

Wide band, Low reflectivity and Self-cleaning Black Silicon for solar cell applications

Xiao-Sheng Zhang, Qian-Li Di, Fu-Yun Zhu, Hai-Xia Zhang*

National Key Lab of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University

In this paper, we have developed a fabrication of micro/nano dual-scale black silicon structures using DRIE process. This mixed structure takes advantages of wide band absorption in nano scale and low reflectivity in micro scale, which make it show very low optical reflection (less than 0.5%) over a broad band range (250 to 2500 nm), also excellent superhydrophobicity (static contact angle of 157° and roll angle of ~1°). This material can be utilized to develop wide band, self-cleaning and high efficiency solar cell.

电化学沉积太阳电池用 CuInSe₂和 Cu(In,Ga)Se₂薄膜的研究

进展

刘芳洋*, 赖延清，李劼，张治安，刘业翔

中南大学 冶金科学与工程学院

本文综述了电化学沉积太阳电池用CuInSe₂ (CIS)和Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ (CIGS)薄膜的研究和发展情况。对CIS和CIGS预制层的电化学沉积路线，包括一步沉积、分步沉积和特种电沉积的研究进展进行了详细的评述；还综述了电沉积预制层的后处理，包括退火、化学处理和PVD调整成分的研究状况。回顾了基于电化学沉积的CIS和CIGS太阳电池研究的发展过程，并介绍了目前实验室和产业化研究的最新成果，指出了目前存在的问题并展望了发展趋势。

关键词：CuInSe₂ (CIS) ；Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ (CIGS) ；太阳电池；电化学沉积。

Electrodeposition of CuInSe₂ and Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ Thin Films for Solar Cells

Fang-Yang Liu*, Yan-qing Lai, Zhi-An Zhang, Jie Li, Ye-Xiang Liu

School of Metallurgical Science and Engineering, Central South University

In this paper, we review the state of the art in electrodeposition of CuInSe₂ (CIS) and Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ (CIGS) thin films for solar cells. The development of electrodeposition of CIS and CIGS precursor , including one-step electrodeposition, multi-step electrodeposition, special electrodeposition are reviewed in detail. We also reiew the research on post treatment of precursor, including thermal annealing, chemical treatments, and composition adjustment by PVD. The efficiencies progress of CIS and CIGS solar cell based on electrodeposition technology, and the latest results of laboratory and industrialization research are presented. At last , we point out the key problem and prospect the future development tendency.

低成本铜铟镓硒薄膜太阳能电池技术

张风燕

厦门大学能源研究院

2010年12月6日，美国Miasole宣布用物理溅射法制备的铜铟镓硒薄膜太阳能电池组件已经达到15.6的效率。这标志着在生产成本与非晶硅薄膜电池相当的前提下，铜铟镓硒薄膜太阳能电池在电池效率与衰减方面已经优于非晶硅薄膜电池，这篇文章将探讨通过使用喷涂印刷技术进一步降低铜铟镓硒薄膜太阳能电池的制造成本，从而达到太阳能电池的成本低于1美元/瓦的实用目标。文章也将阐述目前铜铟镓硒薄膜太阳能电池技术的研究方面，包括印刷喷涂浆液的研制，用印刷及喷涂法制备光吸收层及低温成层方面存在的问题。化学方法制备透明电极，用无毒元素替代有毒元素等技术。并介绍厦大目前的发展计划以及与国外高等院校和国家实验室的合作现状。

Low Cost CIGS Thin Film Solar Cell Technology

Feng-Yan Zhang

 School of Energy Research, Xiamen University

On Dec 6, 2010, The Department of Energy has confirmed that MiaSole's CIGS thin-film photovoltaic solar modules have reached an efficiency of 15.7 percent, the company announced today. This means at the similar fabrication cost, the CIGS solar cell already has advantages of higher efficiency and less degradation over amorphous silicon thin film solar cell. We will disuses how to further reduce the fabrication cost using spraying or printing technology to reach the goal of US$1/Watt. We will also discuss the current research areas of CIGS solar cell, including the ink formation, forming the absorption layer though spraying or printing methods, TCO through chemical solution method, and replacing Se and Cd with other non toxic elements, and current research status at XMU and collebation opportunities.

GaN基材料在能源方面的应用

蔡丽娥^{a, b}, 张保平^{a, b*},张江勇^{a, b},蔡晓梅^{a, b}

厦门大学物理系，半导体光子学研究中心

萨本栋微纳米技术研究中心　

III 族氮化物（InN、GaN、AlN 及其合金）由于其良好的光、电学特性已被广泛应用于制作短波长光电器件。近几年来，由于InGaN 材料表现出来的优越的光伏特性，如禁带宽度大小可调（对应的光波长几乎覆盖整个太阳光谱）、电子迁移率高、吸收系数大、抗辐射能力强等，吸引人们探索其在高效率太阳能电池方面的应用。在本研究中，我们制作具有不同p-接触方案的InGaN 同质结太阳能电池，并研究电池在不同In 组分和照射光强度下的光电响应特性. 同时，制作了底部增加高反射率氮化物分布布拉格反射镜(DBR)的GaN基LED，其电致发光光谱积分强度随电流密度的增加呈超线性增加，最大发光效率对应的电流密度也大大提高。相对传统LED，节能性能更显著。

关键词: GaN；太阳能电池；LED

致谢：国家高技术研究计划“863”项目（2006AA03Z409）；国家自然科学基金  No. 60876007

国家自然科学基金 No.10974165；厦门市科技局研究计划 No.2006AA03Z110

The Research of GaN-based Materials on Energy Applications

Li-E Cai ^a,b, Bao-Ping Zhang ^a,b* Jiang-Yong Zhang ^a,b Xiao-mei Cai^a,b

^aDepartment of Physics and Semiconductor Photonics Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen

^bPen-Tung Sah Micro-Nano Technology Research Center, Xiamen University　

III-nitride materials, represented by InN, GaN, AlN and their alloys, have been used to fabricate short-wavelength optoelectronic devices due to their favorable optical and electrical properties. Recently, the application has been extended to high-efficency solar cells due to their superior photovoltaic properties such as tunable energy band gaps of InGaN (which cover almost the whole solar spectrum), high electron mobility, and high absorption coefficient and radiation resistance. In the present work, we fabricate InGaN homojunction solar cells with different p-contact schemes, and investigate the dependence of the photovoltaic performances on In content and illumination intensity. At the same time, GaN based light emitting device (LED) with a rear distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) was grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The integrated electroluminescence (EL) intensity of LED showed a super linear increase up to a current density of 135 A/cm² and the relative external quantum efficiency (EQE) keeps monotonously increasing with the increase of injection current density. Relative to traditional LED, energy-saving performance is more superior.

量子点在太阳能电池中的应用
邹贵付

美国洛斯阿拉莫国家实验室

量子点具有潜在高效的光伏效应，但是由于界面Auger复合效应和表面有机配体阻碍了它光伏转化效能。消除界面和替代表面的有机配体是实现量子点在太阳能电池中应用的重要一步。一种外延生长的核壳结构“巨型”量子点将大大消除量子点的界面，从而实现降低Auger复合提高光伏效应。另外一种化学溶液沉积法将发展用于生长无机半导体层取代量子点表面的有机配体。通过高浓度的“巨型”量子点分散在化学溶液沉积的半导体层中，一种新型高效的太阳能电池将有望实现。

关键词：太阳能电池 量子点 光伏效应